Cardiopulmonary bypass

Diagram of a heart-lung machine used in cardiopulmonary bypass

Pronunciation
Other names
Specialty
Uses
Complications
Approach
Types
Recovery time
Other options
Frequency

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a technique that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery, maintaining the circulation of blood and the oxygen content of the body. The CPB pump is often referred to as a "heart-lung machine" or "the pump".

History

The development of cardiopulmonary bypass was a significant milestone in cardiac surgery. The first successful use of a heart-lung machine was in 1953 by Dr. John Gibbon, who used it to perform an open-heart surgery. The machine has since evolved significantly, with improvements in safety and efficiency.

Early heart-lung machine from 1955

Components

The main components of a cardiopulmonary bypass machine include:

• Oxygenator: This component adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide, mimicking the gas exchange function of the lungs.
• Pump: The pump circulates the blood through the body, replacing the pumping action of the heart.
• Heat exchanger: This allows the surgical team to control the temperature of the blood, which can be important for certain procedures.
• Filters: These remove air bubbles and other debris from the blood to prevent embolism.

Procedure

During cardiopulmonary bypass, the patient's blood is diverted from the heart and lungs to the heart-lung machine. The machine oxygenates the blood and returns it to the body, allowing the surgeon to operate on a still and bloodless heart.

A perfusionist operating a heart-lung machine

Applications

Cardiopulmonary bypass is primarily used in open-heart surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), heart valve repair or replacement, and heart transplant surgeries.

Coronary artery bypass surgery

Risks and Complications

While CPB is generally safe, it can be associated with complications such as:

• Bleeding: Due to anticoagulation required during the procedure.
• Stroke: From air embolism or debris.
• Inflammatory response: Triggered by the contact of blood with the artificial surfaces of the machine.

Also see

• Coronary artery bypass surgery
• Heart valve surgery
• Perfusionist
• Open-heart surgery

Cardiovascular disease A-Z

Most common cardiac diseases

• Cardiac arrhythmia‎
• Cardiogenetic disorders‎
• Cardiomegaly‎
• Cardiomyopathy‎
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation‎
• Chronic rheumatic heart diseases‎
• Congenital heart defects‎
• Heart neoplasia‎
• Ischemic heart diseases‎
• Pericardial disorders
• Syndromes affecting the heart‎
• Valvular heart disease‎

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

A

• Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
• Acute decompensated heart failure
• Arteriosclerotic heart disease
• Athletic heart syndrome
• Atrial flutter
• Atrioventricular fistula
• Cardiovascular disease in Australia
• Autoimmune heart disease

B

• Brown atrophy of the heart

C

• Ebb Cade
• Cardiac allograft vasculopathy
• Cardiac amyloidosis
• Cardiac asthma
• Cardiac tamponade
• Cardiogenic shock
• Cardiogeriatrics
• Cardiorenal syndrome
• Cardiotoxicity
• Carditis
• Coronary artery aneurysm
• Coronary artery anomaly
• Coronary artery disease
• Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
• Coronary artery ectasia
• Coronary occlusion
• Coronary steal
• Coronary thrombosis
• Coronary vasospasm
• Cœur en sabot
• Coxsackievirus-induced cardiomyopathy

D

• Duke Treadmill Score
• Duroziez's disease

E

• Eisenmenger's syndrome
• Embryocardia
• Endocardial fibroelastosis
• Eosinophilic myocarditis

H

• Heart attack
• Heart failure
• Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
• Heart to Heart (1949 film)
• High-output heart failure
• Hyperdynamic precordium

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

I

• Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis
• Interventricular dyssynchrony
• Intraventricular dyssynchrony
• Isolated atrial amyloidosis

K

• Keshan disease

L

• Loeffler endocarditis

M

• Mydicar
• Myocardial bridge
• Myocardial disarray
• Myocardial rupture
• Myocardial scarring
• Myocardial stunning
• Myocarditis

N

• Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

O

• OLR1
• Ostial disease

P

• Papillary fibroelastoma
• Pathophysiology of heart failure
• Postpericardiotomy syndrome
• Pulmonary vein stenosis

R

• Right axis deviation
• Roemheld syndrome

S

• Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease
• SCAR-Fc
• Shone's syndrome
• Strain pattern
• Subacute bacterial endocarditis
• Sudden cardiac death of athletes

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

T

• Traumatic cardiac arrest

V

• Ventricular aneurysm
• Vibroacoustic disease
• Viral cardiomyopathy

W

• Waon therapy