Microglia
Microglia (pronounced: /maɪˈkroʊɡliə/) are a type of glial cell that are the resident macrophage cells, acting as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS).
Etymology
The term "microglia" is derived from the Greek "micros" meaning small, and "glia" meaning glue, as these cells were originally thought to act as a simple glue holding neurons together.
Function
Microglia are extremely versatile cells that play many roles within the brain. As the immune cells of the CNS, they are responsible for responding to any signals of injury or disease. This can include clearing away dead cells via phagocytosis, or releasing cytokines and other molecules to orchestrate an inflammatory response.
In addition to their immune functions, microglia also have a role in maintaining normal brain function. They can support neuron health, aid in synapse formation and pruning, and contribute to learning and memory processes.
Related Terms
- Astrocyte: Another type of glial cell in the CNS, which helps to maintain the blood-brain barrier and regulate the chemical environment of neurons.
- Oligodendrocyte: A type of glial cell in the CNS that produces the myelin sheath, which insulates neurons and allows for efficient signal transmission.
- Neuroinflammation: The inflammation of nervous tissue, often involving activation of microglia.
- Neurodegenerative disease: A type of disease that involves the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Microglia are often implicated in the pathology of these diseases.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Microglia
- Wikipedia's article - Microglia
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