Placental disease

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Placental disease
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Abnormal bleeding, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction
Complications	Preeclampsia, placental abruption, fetal death
Onset	During pregnancy
Duration	Varies
Types	Placenta previa, placental abruption, placenta accreta, chorioamnionitis
Causes	Infection, hypertension, diabetes, autoimmune disorders
Risks	Advanced maternal age, multiple gestation, previous placental issues
Diagnosis	Ultrasound, MRI, blood tests
Differential diagnosis	N/A
Prevention	Prenatal care, managing chronic conditions
Treatment	Depends on type; may include medication, surgery, delivery
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Varies depending on type and severity
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Placental disease refers to any disorder or pathology affecting the placenta, an essential organ in pregnancy that facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and the fetus. Placental diseases can have significant implications for both maternal and fetal health, potentially leading to complications such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth.

Types of Placental Disease

Placental diseases can be broadly categorized into several types based on their pathophysiology and clinical manifestations:

Placental Insufficiency

Placental insufficiency occurs when the placenta is unable to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. This condition can lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and is a common cause of fetal distress.

Placental Abruption

Placental abruption is a serious condition where the placenta detaches from the uterine wall before delivery. This can cause severe bleeding and compromise fetal oxygenation, necessitating immediate medical intervention.

Placenta Previa

Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding during pregnancy and complications during delivery. It often requires careful monitoring and may necessitate a cesarean section.

Placental Tumors

Placental tumors, such as chorangioma, are rare but can affect placental function. Chorangiomas are benign vascular tumors of the placenta that can lead to complications if they grow large.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of placental diseases often involves abnormal placental development or function. Factors such as maternal hypertension, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders can contribute to placental dysfunction. Abnormalities in placental blood flow, inflammation, and thrombosis are common underlying mechanisms.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of placental disease typically involves a combination of ultrasound imaging, Doppler studies, and maternal blood tests. Ultrasound can assess placental position, structure, and blood flow, while Doppler studies evaluate fetal circulation. Blood tests may reveal markers of placental dysfunction.

Management

Management of placental disease depends on the specific condition and its severity. It may involve close monitoring, bed rest, medication to manage symptoms, and in some cases, early delivery to prevent complications.

See also

• Pregnancy
• Fetal development
• Obstetrics
• Maternal-fetal medicine