Botulinum toxin
Botulinum Toxin
Botulinum toxin (pronounced: boh-chuh-lye-num toks-in) is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. It is one of the most poisonous naturally occurring substances in the world.
Etymology
The term "botulinum" is derived from the Latin word botulus, meaning "sausage". This is because the bacterium Clostridium botulinum was first linked to poisoning caused by consuming improperly handled or prepared sausage.
Description
Botulinum toxin is a powerful neurotoxin that blocks nerve activity in the muscles, causing a temporary reduction in muscle activity. It is used medically to treat certain muscular conditions and cosmetically to remove wrinkles by temporarily paralyzing muscles.
Types
There are eight types of botulinum toxin, named type A–H. Types A and B are capable of causing disease in humans, and are also used commercially and medically.
Type A
Botulinum toxin type A is used in medicine to treat diseases characterized by overactive muscle and/or uncontrollable spasms. It is also used in cosmetic treatments.
Type B
Botulinum toxin type B is used medically for various diseases characterized by overactive muscle.
Medical Uses
Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of disorders characterized by overactive muscle movement, including post-stroke spasticity, excessive sweating, and certain bladder disorders. It is also used for the treatment of migraines and some kinds of chronic pain.
Cosmetic Uses
In the cosmetic industry, botulinum toxin is most commonly used in the form of Botox, a treatment for reducing wrinkles by temporarily paralyzing facial muscles.
Safety
While botulinum toxin is incredibly toxic, when used correctly, it is safe for medical and cosmetic use. However, side effects can occur, including pain at the injection site, flu-like symptoms, headache, and upset stomach.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Botulinum toxin
- Wikipedia's article - Botulinum toxin
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