Bunion

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Bunion
Synonyms	Hallux valgus
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Pain, swelling, redness, callus formation
Complications	Bursitis, arthritis
Onset	Gradual
Duration	Long-term
Types	N/A
Causes	Genetics, footwear
Risks	Flat feet, tight shoes, high heels
Diagnosis	Physical examination, X-ray
Differential diagnosis	Gout, arthritis, hallux rigidus
Prevention	Proper footwear, orthotics
Treatment	Orthotics, surgery
Medication	Pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs
Prognosis	Good with treatment
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Bunion or hallux valgus

Other names

Hallux valgus A bunion, or hallux valgus, is a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe. It occurs when some of the bones in the front part of the foot move out of place. This causes the tip of the big toe to get pulled toward the smaller toes and forces the joint at the base of the big toe to stick out. The skin over the bunion might be red and sore.

Etiology

Bunions are most commonly caused by an inherited structural defect in the foot. However, wearing tight or high-heeled shoes can exacerbate the problem. Over time, these types of footwear can force the foot bones into an unnatural shape, leading to bunion development.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for bunions include: Wearing improperly fitting shoes: High heels, shoes that are too tight, or narrow, pointed shoes can all lead to bunion development. Rheumatoid arthritis: This inflammatory condition can increase the likelihood of bunions. Heredity: The tendency to develop bunions might be because of an inherited problem with the structure of the foot.

Clinical Presentation

A patient with a bunion may present with:

• A bulging bump on the outside of the base of the big toe.
• Persistent or intermittent pain.
• Restricted movement of the big toe if arthritis affects the toe.
• Corns or calluses ‚Äî these often develop where the first and second toes overlap.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a bunion is based on the physical examination of the foot. An x-ray may be ordered to understand the severity of the problem and aid in the development of a treatment plan.

Treatment

Non-surgical treatments for bunions may include wearing shoes with adequate room in the toe box, padding the bunion, using shoe inserts or over-the-counter arch supports. If these measures are not sufficient, surgical options exist to remove the bunion and realign the toe.

Prognosis

Most people experience significant relief from bunion pain through non-surgical treatments. If surgery is required, it generally has a high success rate.

References

Mayo Clinic. Bunions. (2019). Retrieved from [1] American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Bunions. (2011). Retrieved from [2]

External Links

• American Podiatric Medical Association - Bunions
• MedlinePlus - Bunions

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