Bacterial meningitis

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Bacterial meningitis

Bacterial meningitis (pronunciation: /bækˈtɪəriəl mɛnɪnˈdʒaɪtɪs/) is a serious infection of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. The disease is characterized by severe headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, and a stiff neck.

Etymology

The term "bacterial meningitis" is derived from the Greek words "bakterion" (meaning small rod) and "meninx" (meaning membrane), and the suffix "-itis" (meaning inflammation).

Causes

Bacterial meningitis is caused by various types of bacteria. These bacteria can reach the meninges through the bloodstream or by direct contact, such as a severe ear infection or sinus infection. The most common bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Listeria monocytogenes.

Symptoms

Symptoms of bacterial meningitis can appear quickly or over several days. Typically they develop within 3-7 days after exposure and can include sudden high fever, severe and persistent headache, stiff neck, nausea and vomiting, discomfort looking into bright lights, confusion, and seizures.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is typically made by performing a lumbar puncture, where a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected and analyzed for signs of infection.

Treatment

Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment in a hospital. Treatment includes intravenous antibiotics and corticosteroids. This helps to ensure recovery and reduce the risk of complications, such as brain damage and hearing loss.

Prevention

Prevention of bacterial meningitis is possible with vaccination. Vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae are widely available and included in routine immunization schedules in many countries.

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