Type 1 diabetes

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Type 1 diabetes
Synonyms	Juvenile diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, blurred vision, unexplained weight loss
Complications	Diabetic ketoacidosis, cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy
Onset	Typically in childhood or adolescence
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Autoimmune disease
Risks	Family history, genetics, viral infections
Diagnosis	Blood sugar tests, HbA1c
Differential diagnosis	Type 2 diabetes, MODY, LADA
Prevention	None
Treatment	Insulin therapy, dietary management, blood sugar monitoring
Medication	Insulin
Prognosis	Life expectancy can be normal with good management
Frequency	~1 in 300 people in the United States
Deaths	N/A

Type 1 diabetes, previously known as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes", is a form of diabetes that results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This condition leads to an insulin deficiency and the body's inability to regulate blood glucose levels, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

3D medical animation still of Type One Diabetes

Etiology

Type 1 diabetes is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, which trigger an autoimmune response. The body's immune system, which usually defends against infections and diseases, mistakenly attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas.

Pc def

Pathophysiology

In type 1 diabetes, the autoimmune destruction of beta cells results in the absence or minimal production of insulin, a hormone that regulates the absorption of glucose into cells for use as energy. Without insulin, glucose accumulates in the bloodstream, leading to hyperglycemia.

Treatment

The treatment of type 1 diabetes involves the administration of insulin, either by injection or insulin pump, to replace the insulin that the body can no longer produce. Patients must monitor their blood glucose levels several times a day and adjust their insulin doses accordingly. Regular exercise and a healthy diet are also important for managing blood glucose levels.

Prognosis

While there is currently no cure for type 1 diabetes, with careful management, individuals can lead healthy, active lives. The goal of treatment is to maintain blood glucose levels within a target range and to prevent or manage complications, such as heart disease, kidney disease, and eye problems.

See also

• Insulin
• Diabetes mellitus
• Autoimmune disease
• Beta cell

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