Cefazaflur - WikiMD's WELLNESSPEDIA

Cefazaflur

Cefazaflur is a cephalosporin antibiotic that is used in the treatment of various bacterial infections. It belongs to the third generation of cephalosporins and is known for its broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of bacteria.

Mechanism of Action[edit]

Cefazaflur works by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. It binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall. This binding leads to the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis, which ultimately causes cell lysis.

Pharmacokinetics[edit]

After oral administration, Cefazaflur is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is widely distributed in body tissues and fluids. The drug is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine.

Clinical Uses[edit]

Cefazaflur is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. It is also effective against certain Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis.

Side Effects[edit]

Common side effects of Cefazaflur include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In rare cases, it can cause serious side effects like allergic reactions, kidney damage, and blood disorders.

Contraindications[edit]

Cefazaflur is contraindicated in patients with a known allergy to cephalosporin antibiotics. It should be used with caution in patients with a history of kidney disease or gastrointestinal disease.

Drug Interactions[edit]

Cefazaflur may interact with other drugs like probenecid, warfarin, and aminoglycosides. Therefore, it is important to inform the healthcare provider about all the medications being taken before starting treatment with Cefazaflur.

Types of antibacterials

Antibacterials that inhibit protein synthesis (J01A, J01B, J01F, J01G, QJ01XQ)

30S

Aminoglycosides (initiation inhibitors)

-mycin (Streptomyces)	- Streptomycin# - Dihydrostreptomycin - Neomycin# -- Framycetin -- Paromomycin# -- Ribostamycin - Kanamycin -- Amikacin# -- Arbekacin -- Bekanamycin -- Dibekacin - Tobramycin (+loteprednol) - Spectinomycin# - Hygromycin B - Totomycin - Apramycin - Nourseothricin
-micin (Micromonospora)	- Gentamicin# -- Netilmicin -- Sisomicin -- Micronomicin -- Plazomicin# -- Isepamicin - Verdamicin - Astromicin
other	- Butirosin

Tetracycline antibiotics (tRNA binding)

Tetracyclines	- Doxycycline# - Chlortetracycline - Clomocycline - Demeclocycline - Eravacycline - Lymecycline - Meclocycline‡ - Metacycline - Minocycline - Omadacycline - Oxytetracycline - Penimepicycline - Rolitetracycline - Sarecycline - Tetracycline#
Glycylcyclines	- Tigecycline

50S

Oxazolidinone (initiation inhibitors)

- Eperezolid - Linezolid# - Posizolid - Radezolid - Ranbezolid - Sutezolid - Tedizolid

Peptidyl transferase

Amphenicols

- Chloramphenicol# - Azidamfenicol - Thiamphenicol - Florfenicol

MLS (transpeptidation/translocation)

Macrolides	- Azithromycin# - Boromycin - Carbomycin - Carrimycin - Clarithromycin# - Dirithromycin - Erythromycin# - Flurithromycin - Gamithromycin - Josamycin - Kitasamycin - Midecamycin - Miocamycin - Nafithromycin - Oleandomycin - Rokitamycin - Roxithromycin - Solithromycin - Spiramycin - Telithromycin - Tildipirosin - Tilmicosin - Troleandomycin - Tulathromycin - Tylosin - Tylvalosin
Ketolides	- Telithromycin‡ - Cethromycin - Solithromycin†
Lincosamides	- Clindamycin# - Lincomycin - Pirlimycin
Streptogramins	- Pristinamycin (IA, IIA, IIB) - NXL103 (Flopristin, Linopristin) - Quinupristin/dalfopristin (Dalfopristin, Quinupristin) - Streptogramin A - Streptogramin B - Virginiamycin (S1)

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

Antibacterials active on the cell wall and envelope (J01C-J01D)

β-lactams
(inhibit synthesis
of peptidoglycan
layer of bacterial
cell wall by binding
to and inhibiting
PBPs, a group of
D-alanyl-D-alanine
transpeptidases)

Penicillins (Penams)

Narrow
spectrum

β-lactamase sensitive (1st generation)	- Benzylpenicillin (G)^# - Benzathine benzylpenicillin^# - Procaine benzylpenicillin^# - Phenoxymethylpenicillin (V)^# - Propicillin^‡ - Pheneticillin^‡ - Azidocillin^‡ - Clometocillin^‡ - Penamecillin^‡
β-lactamase resistant (2nd generation)	- Cloxacillin^# (Dicloxacillin - Flucloxacillin) - Oxacillin - Nafcillin - Methicillin^‡

Extended
spectrum

Aminopenicillins (3rd generation)	- Amoxicillin^# - Ampicillin^# (Pivampicillin - Hetacillin^‡ - Bacampicillin^‡ - Lenampicillin - Metampicillin^‡ - Talampicillin^‡) - Epicillin^‡
Carboxypenicillins (4th generation)	- Ticarcillin - Carbenicillin^‡ / Carindacillin^‡ - Temocillin^‡
Ureidopenicillins (4th generation)	- Piperacillin - Azlocillin^‡ - Mezlocillin^‡
Other	- Mecillinam (Pivmecillinam) - Sulbenicillin^‡

Carbapenems / Penems

- Carbapenems (Ertapenem

- Antipseudomonal (Doripenem - Imipenem - Meropenem) - Biapenem^‡ - Panipenem) - Penems (Faropenem - Ritipenem^§

- Sulopenem)

Cephems
Cephalosporins
Cephamycins
Carbacephems

1st generation	- Cefazolin^# - Cefalexin ^# - Cefadroxil - Cefapirin - Cefazedone^‡ - Cefazaflur^‡ - Cefradine^‡ - Cefroxadine^‡ - Ceftezole^‡ - Cefaloglycin^‡ - Cefacetrile^‡ - Cefalonium^‡ - Cefaloridine^‡ - Cefalotin - Cefatrizine^‡
2nd generation	- Cefaclor - Cefprozil - Cefuroxime - Cefuroxime axetil - Cefamandole^‡ - Cefonicid^‡ - Ceforanide^‡ - Cefuzonam^‡ - Cephamycin (Cefoxitin - Cefotetan - Cefminox^‡ - Cefbuperazone^‡ - Cefmetazole^‡) - Carbacephem (Loracarbef^‡)
3rd generation	- Cefixime^# - Ceftriaxone^# - Cefotaxime^# - Antipseudomonal (Ceftazidime^# - Cefoperazone) - Cefdinir - Cefcapene - Cefdaloxime - Ceftizoxime - Cefmenoxime - Cefpiramide - Cefpodoxime - Ceftibuten - Cefditoren - Cefotiam^‡ - Cefetamet^‡ - Cefodizime^‡ - Cefpimizole^‡ - Cefsulodin^‡ - Cefteram^‡ - Ceftiolene^‡ - Oxacephem (Flomoxef - Latamoxef^‡)
4th generation	- Cefepime - Cefozopran^‡ - Cefpirome - Cefquinome^‡
5th generation	- Ceftaroline fosamil - Ceftolozane - Ceftobiprole

Monobactams

- Aztreonam

- Tigemonam^‡ - Carumonam^‡

- Nocardicin A^‡

β-lactamase inhibitors

- Penam (Sulbactam

- Tazobactam) - Clavam (Clavulanic acid) - non-β-lactam (Avibactam - Durlobactam - Relebactam

- Vaborbactam)

Polypeptides

Lipopeptides	- Insert into bacterial cell wall causing perforation and depolarization: Daptomycin - Surfactin
Other	- Inhibits PG elongation and crosslinking: Ramoplanin^§

Intracellular

- Inhibit PG subunit synthesis and transport: NAM synthesis inhibition (Fosfomycin)

- DADAL/AR inhibitors (Cycloserine)

- bactoprenol inhibitors (Bacitracin)

Other

- Hydrolyze NAM-NAG

- - lysozyme - Tyrothricin - - Gramicidin - - Tyrocidine - Isoniazid^#

- Teixobactin

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

Antibacterials that inhibit nucleic acid (J01E, J01M)

Antifolates (inhibit bacterial purine metabolism, inhibiting DNA/RNA synthesis)	DHFR inhibitors - 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine (Brodimoprim - Iclaprim - Ormetoprim - Pyrimethamine - Tetroxoprim - Trimethoprim) Sulfonamides (DHPS inhibitors) Short-acting - Sulfisomidine - Sulfamethizole - Sulfadimidine (Sulfamethazine - Sulfadimerazine - Sulfadimezine) - Sulfapyridine (Sulfasalazine) - Sulfafurazole (Acetyl sulfisoxazole) - Sulfanilamide (Prontosil) - Sulfathiazole (Phthalylsulfathiazole - Succinylsulfathiazole) - Sulfathiourea Intermediate-acting - Sulfamethoxazole - Sulfadiazine - Sulfamoxole Long-acting - Sulfadimethoxine - Sulfadoxine - Sulfalene - Sulfametomidine - Sulfametoxydiazine - Sulfamethoxypyridazine - Sulfaperin - Sulfamerazine - Sulfaphenazole - Sulfamazone Other/ungrouped - Mafenide - Sulfacetamide - Sulfaclozine - Sulfadicramide - Sulfaguanidine - Sulfametrole - Sulfanitran Combinations - Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - Ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine - Pyrimethamine/dapsone - Pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine Other DHPS inhibitors - Acediasulfone - Dapsone - Solasulfone - Sulfoxone
Quinolones (inhibit topoisomerase/DNA gyrase)	1st Generation - Cinoxacin - Flumequine - Nalidixic acid - Oxolinic acid - Pipemidic acid - Piromidic acid - Rosoxacin Fluoroquinolones 2nd Gen - Ciprofloxacin - Ofloxacin - Enoxacin - Fleroxacin - Lomefloxacin - Nadifloxacin - Levonadifloxacin - Alalevonadifloxacin - Norfloxacin - Pefloxacin - Rufloxacin 3rd Gen - Levofloxacin - Balofloxacin - Grepafloxacin - Pazufloxacin - Sparfloxacin - Temafloxacin - Tosufloxacin 4th Gen - Besifloxacin - Delafloxacin - Gatifloxacin - Finafloxacin - Gemifloxacin - Moxifloxacin - Clinafloxacin - Garenoxacin - Prulifloxacin - Sitafloxacin - Trovafloxacin - Alatrofloxacin Veterinary use - Danofloxacin - Difloxacin - Enrofloxacin - Ibafloxacin - Marbofloxacin - Orbifloxacin - Pradofloxacin - Sarafloxacin Newer non-fluorinated - Nemonoxacin - Ozenoxacin Related (DNA gyrase) - Aminocoumarins (Novobiocin)
Anaerobic DNA inhibitors	Nitroimidazole derivatives - Secnidazole
RNA synthesis inhibitors	Rifamycins - Rifampicin - Rifabutin - Rifapentine - Rifaximin - Rifalazil Lipiarmycins - Fidaxomicin