Alcohol (drug)

From WikiMD's medical encyclopedia

Alcohol, also known by its chemical name ethanol, is a psychoactive drug that is the active ingredient in many types of alcoholic beverages, including beer, wine, and distilled spirits. It is one of the oldest and most common recreational substances known to mankind, and it is responsible for the characteristic effects of alcohol intoxication, or drunkenness.

Ethanol-2D-skeletal

Physiology and Effects

Among other effects, alcohol can induce feelings of happiness and euphoria, decrease anxiety, increase sociability, and produce sedation. It can also cause impairment of cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory function, and generally depress central nervous system function. These effects can lead to potentially harmful situations, including accidents, risky behavior, and poor decision-making.

Types of Alcohol

While 'alcohol' typically refers to ethanol in the context of alcoholic beverages, it's important to note that there are several types of alcohol. Methanol, isopropanol, and ethylene glycol, for instance, are types of alcohol that are toxic to humans. Ethanol is the only type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages or commonly used for recreational purposes.

Alcohol and Health

While moderate alcohol consumption can have some health benefits, particularly regarding heart health, excessive drinking is associated with a wide range of health problems, including liver disease, cardiovascular disease, neurological damage, psychological disorders, and an increased risk of several types of cancer.

See also

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Psychoactive substance-related disorders
General
Combined
substance use
Alcohol
Caffeine
Cannabis


Pathophysiology of ethanol
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Hypnotics and Sedatives
ATC Code: N05C

GABAA

- 2M2B - Chloralodol - Ethanol (alcohol) - Diethylpropanediol - Ethchlorvynol - Methylpentynol - Trichloroethanol Barbiturates - Allobarbital - Amobarbital - Aprobarbital - Barbital - Butabarbital - Butobarbital - Cyclobarbital - Ethallobarbital - Heptabarb - Hexobarbital - Mephobarbital - Methohexital - Narcobarbital - Pentobarbital - Phenallymal - Phenobarbital - Propylbarbital - Proxibarbal - Reposal - Secobarbital - Talbutal - Thiamylal - Thiopental - Thiotetrabarbital - Vinbarbital - Vinylbital

Benzodiazepines - Brotizolam - Cinolazepam - Climazolam - Clonazolam - Doxefazepam - Estazolam - Flubromazolam - Flunitrazolam - Flunitrazepam - Flurazepam - Flutemazepam - Flutoprazepam - Loprazolam - Lormetazepam - Midazolam - Nimetazepam - Nitemazepam - Nitrazepam - Nitrazolam - Quazepam - Temazepam - Triazolam

Carbamates - Carisoprodol - Emylcamate - Meprobamate - Methocarbamol Imidazoles - Etomidate - Metomidate - Propoxate Monoureides - Acecarbromal - Apronal (apronalide) - Bromisoval - Capuride - Carbromal - Ectylurea Neuroactive Steroids - Acebrochol - Allopregnanolone - Alphadolone - Alphaxolone - Eltanolone - Hydroxydione - Minaxolone - Progesterone Nonbenzodiazepines - Eszopiclone - Indiplon - Lirequinil - Necopidem - Pazinaclone - Saripidem - Suproclone - Suriclone - Zaleplon - Zolpidem - Zopiclone Phenols - Propofol Piperidinediones - Glutethimide - Methyprylon - Pyrithyldione - Piperidione Quinazolinones - Afloqualone - Cloroqualone - Diproqualone - Etaqualone - Mebroqualone - Mecloqualone - Methaqualone - Methylmethaqualone - Nitromethaqualone - SL-164 Others - Acetophenone - Chloral hydrate - Chloralose - Clomethiazole - Dichloralphenazone - Gaboxadol - Kavalactones - Loreclezole - Paraldehyde - Petrichloral - Sulfonmethane 

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Pharmacology of ethanol
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
mAChRs
Agonists
Antagonists
* 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 
(e.g., femoxetine, paroxetine)
Precursors
(and prodrugs)


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Purine receptor modulators
Receptor
(ligands)
P0 (adenine)
P1
(adenosine)
* Agonists: 2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine
P2
(nucleotide)
P2X
(ATP )
P2Y
Transporter
(blockers)
Enzyme
(inhibitors)
Others


Serotonin receptor modulators
5-HT1
5-HT2
5-HT3–7


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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD